urban travel characteristics

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Characteristics of urban transportation systems

• By Cambridge Systematics ...
• Corporate Creators: Cambridge Systematics ; Urban Institute ; SYDEC, Inc. ; Abrams-Cherwony & Associates ; Lea+Elliott, Inc. Cambridge Systematics ; Urban Institute ; SYDEC, Inc. ; Abrams-Cherwony & Associates ; Lea+Elliott, Inc. Less -
• Subject/TRT Terms: [+] City Planning Demand Handbooks Performance Supply Systems Analysis Transportation Planning Travel Demand Urban Transit
• Publication/ Report Number: DOT-T-93-07
• Resource Type: Tech Report
• Edition: Revised edition
• Corporate Publisher: United States. Department of Transportation. Federal Transit Administration ; Technology Sharing Program (U.S.) United States. Department of Transportation. Federal Transit Administration ; Technology Sharing Program (U.S.) Less -
• Abstract: The objective of this document is to provide a single source of sketch planning data on the most important performance characteristics of contemporary urban transportation systems in a format that lends itself to easy reference. This handbook does not deal explicitly with passenger demand, but assesses only the supply or performance characteristic of urban transportation systems, including the following: Speed; Capacity; Operating costs; Labor; Inputs; Capital costs; Energy consumption; Emission of air pollutants; and, Accident rates and costs. The substantive material in this handbook is organized into five chapters: Rail Transit (rapid, light, and commuter); Bus Transit; Automobiles, Trucks, and the Highway System; High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes; Automated Guideway Transit (AGT). More ▼ -->
• Format: PDF
• Collection(s): US Transportation Collection
• Main Document Checksum: [+] urn:sha256:dc016d409ab740a044292550d678a6141a2ccf542e7fc5a571b1ac8b21cbf9ed
• Download URL: https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/13694/dot_13694_DS1.pdf

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Home > RESEARCH > 3005

World Transit Research

Characteristics of urban travel demand.

A. Reno R. Kuzmyak B. Douglas

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Publication date, subject area.

infrastructure - vehicle, planning - surveys, ridership - commuting, ridership - demand, policy - parking, place - urban

Commuting, Demographics, Parking, Passenger volume, Ridership, Tables (Data), Travel demand, Travel surveys, Travel time, Trip purpose, Trip rates, Trucking, Urban travel, Vehicle miles of travel

This report presents a comprehensive set of data on urban travel demand and constitutes an update of previous editions of the "Characteristics of Urban Travel Demand" published in 1978 and 1988. This is a companion report to two other volumes: the "Characteristics of Urban Transportation Systems" (CUTS), last updated in 1992, and "Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes, Interim Handbook," updated in 2000. These three references taken together are intended to provide a ready resource for information about urban transportation system characteristics. The tables included in this report are organized into chapters for various topics. The chapters subsequent to the introduction include the following: Survey characteristics; Demographic information; Overall trip rates; Modal trip rates; Trip purpose; Time; Truck trip information; Utilization; and Other information. This report will be of interest to transit and transportation planning practitioners, educators, and researchers across a broad spectrum of transit operating agencies; metropolitan planning organizations; local, state, and federal government agencies; and educational institutions.

Permission to link to report given by TRB.

Recommended Citation

Reno, A., Kusmyak, R., & Douglas, B. (2002). Characteristics of Urban Travel Demand. TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 73, published by Transportation Research Board, Washington.

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A Note on Potential Perverse Effects of Vehicle Carbon Taxation

• Published: 02 September 2024

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• Douglas A. L. Auld   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3818-7582 1  

Employing a unique approach to household utility maximization, this paper explores the implications of vehicle carbon taxation and subsidies in the context of household choice for urban transportation mode where there exist two private characteristics of travel: comfort and time efficiency, and a third public negative characteristic, carbon emissions. Two policies to reduce carbon emissions are examined in this framework; (1) subsidizing public transportation and imposing a tax on vehicle emissions, (2) increasing the cost of private vehicle travel, and providing a rebate of the tax collected to the consumer. The results suggest that the latter policy may have little impact on carbon emissions and could possibly lead to an increase in emissions.

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In the basic model (Lancaster, 1966 ), goods are linked to the level of consumption activity and the characteristics are linked to consumption activity. As Lancaster points out, “By simplification, the characteristics can be directly related to the goods…” (p. 225).

There are restrictions on the number of goods and characteristics. If four modes of travel (adding bicycling and walking) and three characteristics are chosen, a linear programming approach is required (Lancaster, 1966 , pp 139–140).

Generalizing, train travel T has a comparative advantage over a private vehicle V in the production of a characteristic c 1 (travel time efficiency) if the quantities of the two goods, T and V that produce equal quantities of characteristic c 2 (comfort) yield unequal quantities of characteristic c 1 , the higher quantity being produced by train travel, T (Lipsey & Rosenbluth, 1971 .) This implies a positive value for the determinant  \(\begin{array}{cc}b_{11}&b_{12}\\b_{12}&b_{22}\end{array}\) .

The implicit prices of the characteristics can be derived from ƟB  =  P where Ɵ represents the implicit prices of the characteristics, B is the matrix of technical coefficients and P represents the prices of train travel and vehicle travel, respectively.

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Acknowledgements

The author is grateful to a reviewer of this journal and the Editor for detailed and helpful suggestions on a previous draft of the paper. Comments from Richard Lipsey, Simon Fraser University, are also very much appreciated.

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Lec 7. Ch.3P3 Characteristics of urban travel Trip types (purposes) Three approaches for modeling trips Travel behaviors of men and women Trip purpose/temporal,

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The Ideal City According to Five Urban Concepts

• Written by Somos Cidade
• Published on August 21, 2024

Cities, like people, are dynamic and constantly evolving to keep pace with and adapt to the social, economic, and environmental changes of their time. Similarly, the vision of how the ideal city should be planned has been influenced by each era’s realities and prevailing thoughts.

Industrialization, the increasing migration of people from rural to urban areas, population growth, the development of new materials and construction technologies, the dominance of automobiles as a means of transportation, and, more recently, the search for alternative ways of occupying and moving through cities have all impacted urban planning theories throughout history. These influences have shaped the structure of modern cities—with their successes and challenges.

Five urbanism concepts have been fundamental in establishing the guidelines that directed the division of spaces and land use, ultimately shaping the cities we know today: Garden Cities , Modernism , New Urbanism , Cities for People, and the 15-Minute City . Learn more about the principles of each of these concepts below.

Garden Cities

Advocated by the English planner Ebenezer Howard from the turn of the 19th until the 20th century, these autonomous, egalitarian districts with a strong sense of community combine the qualities of rural life with those of more developed urban centers.

Garden Cities were his response to the challenges of the post-industrial revolution, such as pollution, irregular settlements, and the migration of people from rural to urban areas in search of better living conditions and job opportunities.

Howard first presented his model of a locality in 1898. In 1902, with the publication of the book Garden Cities of To-Morrow , the proposal spread throughout England and other countries.

To develop his concept, the planner defined a diagram with three magnets: two of them highlighted the positive and negative aspects of cities and the countryside. The third combined the advantages of both. Thus, Garden Cities would be the result of merging the benefits of each reality.

Structured in concentric circles radiating from a large central area designated for a park, the districts were composed of areas for public buildings, cultural institutions, and a hospital, followed by zones for commerce and services, housing, agriculture, and industries. These environments were surrounded by a green belt intended to limit their expansion, and an interconnected network of roads facilitated communication between the areas.

Letchworth and Welwyn were the first Garden Cities implemented by Howard in England in 1903 and 1920, respectively. As noted by architect Frances Holliss in an article for The Guardian, the lack of density and the separation of living and working spaces are some of the criticisms of the English planner's conception. Howard's utopian vision and the definition of functional zoning ultimately turned these places into dormitory towns, where residents depended on their vehicles to access services and reach their jobs.

According to Frances, although the COVID-19 pandemic has rekindled interest in localities that bring housing closer to nature, there should be a debate about whether Garden Cities would function today or if they are merely a nostalgic look at the past.

As cities evolved and their populations increased significantly, a new approach to planning and building emerged, leaving a distinct mark on architecture, especially in the first half of the 20th century. Modernism emphasized minimalism, functionality, order, and functional zoning.

This movement's principles, which peaked between the 1930s and 1960s, were consolidated in the Athens Charter, published in 1933 during the International Congress of Modern Architecture (CIAM). The Radiant City (La Ville Radieuse) project, designed by Swiss-French architect and urban planner Le Corbusier, embodied these concepts, envisioning a city that functioned like a machine. First presented in 1924 and published in a book in 1933, the complex was never realized.

Another hallmark of modernism was the rejection of ornamentation with a preference for basic forms and asymmetrical compositions, along with the rational use of materials such as exposed concrete, steel, and glass, and structural innovation. The rigid division of cities according to human activities — living, working, leisure, and commuting — and the clear identification of each function's location were also core aspects of the movement. 

Architects, landscape designers, aimed to develop a distinct language independent of European ideals, adapted to national materials, forms, and culture. Brazil’s capital city, Brasília, designed by Lucio Costa, is the most significant symbol of the application of modernist principles, with its geometric and orderly layout, zoning by function, and prioritization of car transportation over public and active transport — walking and cycling. The expansion of skyscrapers, the formation of suburbs, and urban planning focused on automobiles are all outcomes of the movement's criteria adopted in cities.

New Urbanism

Compartmentalized cities, where residences were far from urban centers and main streets, became prevalent during the second half of the 20th century, negatively impacting the economy, environment, and community health.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, many urban planners, architects, engineers, and developers became frustrated with how cities were being designed and proposed a different approach: New Urbanism.

The movement sought to return to the principles that guided towns and villages built over the centuries. It set housing and commerce in close proximity, with their high-quality and accessible public spaces and attractive, walkable streets and blocks.

According to the Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU), a nonprofit organization founded in 1993 and based in Washington, D.C. (USA), this movement focused on human-scale urban design and emerged as an alternative to the type of city expansion that became common after World War II — characterized by single-use zoning and low-density construction.

The principles that guide the movement were consolidated in the Charter of the New Urbanism and have helped create and popularize many of the standards and strategies currently seen in various cities, such as mixed-use land, transit-oriented development, traditional neighborhood design, and complete streets.

Pioneers of this school of thought include architects like Peter Calthorpe, Andres Duany, Elizabeth Moule, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Stefanos Polyzoides, and Daniel Solomon, co-founders of the CNU.

The criteria of New Urbanism can be applied to both the conception of new projects and the revitalization and preservation of urban environments. Another key characteristic of the movement is the prioritization of placemaking and the planning of public spaces, which are designed from the perspective of how people will use them and involve the community in the decision-making process.

Cities for People

For over 50 years, Danish architect and urban planner Jan Gehl has studied Modernism's harmful effects on cities and has advocated for urban planning that places people at its core, creating spaces designed at eye level.

Graduating in the 1960s, Gehl's interest in how the built environment affects people's lives was sparked after marrying a psychologist. Through conversations with her and her friends, he realized that architects often did not consider the needs of individuals in their designs. This realization led him to research how cities are constructed and how they impact the lives of their residents. In line with this concept, Gehl founded Gehl Architects in 2000, in hopes to provide consultancy services focused on citizen-centered developments and creating more high-quality spaces.

Drawing on his extensive experience, Gehl published the book Cities for People in 2010, outlining his ideas on designing 21st-century cities. It suggests ways to create pleasant and accessible spaces for walking and cycling and install urban furniture that encourages people to use and enjoy these areas, thus fostering a sense of community.

In the book, Gehl emphasizes that cities should be vibrant, safe, sustainable, and healthy. Additionally, he stresses that urban landscapes need to be designed with the five human senses in mind, experienced at the pace of walking rather than at the speed of a car, bus, or train.

Gehl is critical of cities that are organized with separate functions, like the Brazilian capital, Brasília. In his projects, he prioritizes the development of neighborhoods that are "high-density, mixed-use, livable, sociable, sustainable, and adaptable," as described on his firm's website. For Gehl, urban structures should also have mobility planned holistically, integrating different modes of transportation and providing low-carbon travel options for citizens. 

According to Gehl, Modernism caused architects to lose the ability to design cities for people, leading to the creation of large, cold, and lifeless places. He sees Brasília as a prime example of this approach to city building. "Brasília is fantastic from an airplane, from a helicopter, with its huge parks and monuments, everything is orderly and separated. What isn’t great about the city is how individuals are treated, how they move and walk through it," he said.

Gehl also noted that since the 1960s, cities have been overtaken by cars, which have come to dictate urban design. He argues that this logic must be reversed by putting residents at the forefront of urban planning. Gehl's principles have been implemented in over 200 cities worldwide, including New York, Moscow, Copenhagen , London, Sydney, and São Paulo.

15-Minute City

In recent years, the Paris city government has brought attention to the concept of the 15-Minute City as it announced its plans to decentralize the French capital by reshaping neighborhoods and creating new local hubs.

This urban approach, developed by Franco-Colombian researcher and associate professor at Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University, Carlos Moreno, envisions the development of areas where people can access everything they need for daily life within a 15-minute walk or bike ride from their homes. The idea aims to bring housing closer to work, leisure, and commerce, reducing long commutes and saving time.

Moreno explains that the proposal seeks to introduce diversity into cities through social, economic, and cultural interactions. It also promotes substantial densification while increasing public meetings and socializing points. It optimizes service offerings through digital technology and collaborative sharing models and transforms streets into carbon-free mobility environments — on foot or by bike. Moreno’s work is inspired by the thoughts of writer Jane Jacobs, who believed that the secret to making cities vibrant spaces lies in the proximity of the various functions they serve.

In this context, he argues that cities need to be redesigned so that citizens can reconnect with their neighborhoods. "It’s an attempt to make life more human-scaled rather than dividing the urban environment into an inhuman size and forcing our adaptation," Moreno notes.

Four pillars underpin the researcher’s theory: ecology, proximity, solidarity, and participation. The goal with these principles is to design more sustainable and green spaces, with short distances between the various activities of residents, and to enable the creation of bonds between neighbors.

In his book, Droit de cité: De la "ville-monde" à la "ville du quart d'heure" , Moreno asserts that his proposal also encompasses three main characteristics: cities designed at the pace of people rather than vehicles, every square meter of a region should serve multiple purposes, and areas should be planned to minimize the need for frequent travel.

The 15-Minute City also responds to the need to save time, suggesting a different pace of life where common daily activities can be accomplished within just a quarter of an hour. In addition to the positive impact on people’s well-being, the benefits of the 15-Minute City extend to emerging topics in the field of architecture and urbanism, such as mobility, accessibility, and the environment.

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AGGREGATE CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN TRAVEL

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• GERALD BARBER MAPS, CHARTS BIBLIOGRAPHY: P. 90 NOTE: SOURCE IS MONOGRAPHIC, NOT A SERIES

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• Pagination: p. 73-90
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For your skin and hair, you’re in luck since Charlotte is home to two of the most sought-after experts in the country. Facialist-to-the-stars Toska Husted —who’s expanding her business to Miami, Dallas, and Nashville—is trusted by some of the most photographed faces in the world (Jennifer Lopez, Jennifer Aniston) for her gentle demeanor and highly personalized approach to skin. At The Carriage House , New York City transplant Dhiran Mistry and his talented team deftly do it all, from undone bobs to subtle hightlights, in a stylish space that feels more like a hip clubhouse—help yourself to coffee or a cocktail from the kitchen—than a stuffy urban salon.

Bechtler Museum of Modern Art

When it’s time for a culture fix, twenty dollars will grant you access to three of Charlotte’s top cultural institutions: Bechtler Museum of Modern Art , The Harvey B. Gantt Center for African-American Arts + Culture , and The Mint Museum . The best part is how they’re all just a two-minute walk from each other. Within one afternoon, you can immerse yourself in masterpieces by Giacometti and Calder; learn about the irreplaceable contributions of African-Americans in American culture; and dig deep into the world of American and European design.

Where to Eat in Charlotte

3rd & Fernwood

One of Charlotte’s most anticipated restaurant openings, 3rd & Fernwood by James Beard-nominated chef Greg Collier and his wife Subrina (Leah & Louise) blends Southern and West African influences in flavorful, soul-soothing dishes like purple eye pea mafe, caramalized plantain pudding, and seared trout smothered with okra gravy in a colorful and welcoming space.

What’s old is new again at Customshop . Opened in 2007 by Trey Wilson and bought in 2022 by chef Andres Kaifer and general manager Alex Bridges, this city staple has attracted a new generation of diners with a shareable globetrotting menu, from handmade pastas—get the highly craveable Blue Crab Agnolotti—to North Carolina scallops accompanied by Carolina Gold rice middlins (grits) and seasonal vegetables.

Other dining recommendations include Supperland , a steakhouse-bar-speakeasy housed in a lovingly restored mid-century church by the husband-wife team of Jeff Tonidandel and Jamie Brown (Ever Andalo, Haberdish, and the upcoming Leluia Hall). Brimming with tea sandwiches, made-to-order eggs and carved meat stations, and baked sweet treats galore, Supperland’s popular weekend brunch buffet is a must.

From Joe and Katy Kindred, the pair behind Kindred, one of North Carolina’s most acclaimed restaurants, comes the quality-casual concept Milkbread . Taking up residence in a former Dairy Queen, the Plaza Midwood location cooks up pure comfort: glazed donuts, toasts heaped with assorted toppings, and fried chicken sandwiches. Opening soon is a downtown Milkbread location, along with Albertine , a fine dining Mediterranean spot in Uptown.

O-Ku Charlotte

If you love sushi, but don’t want to spend three figures on a tedious, drawn-out omakase, make a reservation at O-Ku . Despite opening in 2016, Charlotte’s outpost of the beloved East Coast Japanese restaurant chain consistently send out super-fresh nigiri, sashimi, and other creative raw seafood dishes like buttery yellowtail sushi topped with serrano pepper and Thai basil pesto. If you’re in town on a Monday or Wednesday, take advantage of the half-priced sushi happy hours.

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Town and Country Planning

Blog about the fundamentals of urban planning.

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• Urban Structure and its Characteristics

Urban structure is the arrangement of land use in urban areas. Urban planners, economists and geographers have developed several models that explain where different types of people and businesses tend to exist within the urban setting. Urban structure can also refer to urban spatial structure, which concerns the arrangement of public and private space in cities and the degree of connectivity and accessibility. 

The term “urban form” is used to describe a city’s physical characteristics. It refers to the size, shape, and configuration of an urban area or its parts. How it will be understood, structured or analyzed depends on scale. Characteristics of the urban form range from at a very localized scale, features such as building materials, facades and fenestration to at a broader scale, housing type, street type, and their spatial arrangement or layout.

Elements of urban structure includes the following.

• Natural environment 
• Soil types (Bearing capacity) 
• Water courses (Rivers, streams and lakes) 
• Types of vegetation 
• Climate and micro climate 
• Environment characteristics
• Landscape features 

Types of Urban Structures/Patterns

Advantages .

• Shorter routes 
• Easy to extend 
• Easy to find places 

Disadvantages 

•  Associated with traffic congestion 
•  Many intersections/robots
•  Time consuming
•  Fuel consuming
•  Road rage/frustration

2) Radial/Concentric system 

• Inner outer ring roads linked by radiating roads 
• Core has the business area 
• Industrial area interspersed within the residential 
• Periphery has green belts 
• A direct line of travel 
• Centrally directed flows 
• Economics of a single point or origin point 
• Less intersections 
• Easier flow of traffic 
• Aesthetic appeal 
• Central congestion 
• Local flow problems 
• Difficult building sites 
• Unplanned growth can create traffic problems

3) Linear System

• A purely segregated zone for railway lines 
• A zone of production and communal enterprises, with related scientific, technical and educational institutions 
• A residential zone, including a band of social institutions, a band of residential buildings and a "children's band" 
• A park zone 
• An agricultural zone with gardens and state run farms 
• High accessibility 
• Adaptability to linear growth 
• Useful along limited edge 
• Very sensitive to blockage 
• Requires control of growth 
• Lack of focus 

4) Multi Centered System 

• Optional locations for focal activities and system terminals 
• Good psychological orientation 
• Adaptability to existing conditions 
• Depends on stability to key locations 
• Potential accessibility problems 
• Tendency to dilute focal activities

5) Irregular System 

• Creates aesthetic appeal due to different roads 
• Less traffic congestion 
• Can get lost 
• Travel longer distances

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Project Pawsitivity

A Sitting For a Cause Blog Featuring All Things Pet-Related

Subway Strays: The Dogs of Moscow’s Metro

Despite the collapse of the Soviet Union, the stray dogs in Moscow have a surprisingly well-documented history which animal behaviorists have been paying close attention to for several decades. During the Soviet period in Russia the packs of wild (or stray) dogs in were regulated. Only the clever canines who learned to stay in isolation were able to survive. Usually, these dogs would remain on the outskirts of the city hunting in wild packs, as the living in the city was dangerous and food scarce.  After the fall of the Soviet Union quality of life in Russia began to slowly improve and with it more street vendors and food collecting in busy neighborhoods. This began to bring some the stray dogs out of the suburbs into the city.

Today, there are nearly 35,000 stray dogs that call Moscow home. Out of these 35,000 stray dogs there are about 500 that have taken to living underground. Out of these dogs, there are a few that have started thinking outside the box and inside the boxcar. They have begun the slow move underground to stay out of the cold (Russian winters reach an average of -5 degrees every day). Many of the Russian commuters embraced the dog’s underground migration by petting them or giving them food.

Though these claims may seem like the made up type of internet misinformation that we have learned to be skeptical of these days, it is actually sourced to a Russian biologist by the name of  Dr. Andrey Poyarkov , a highly regarded scientist in his field of study. As it turns out Poyarkov has been studying these dogs for the last thirty years and told news sources back in 2010 that he suspected a small fraction of these underground dogs had actually learned to use the subway in order to beg for food in bustling urban areas where food is more plentiful.

Andrei Neuronov , an animal behaviorist, says much like you train your dogs at home to respond to verbal commands like “sit” or “stay,” the Moscow metro dogs are using audio cues from the subway stops they have learned. The dogs memorize the names of the stops to navigate the subway systems in order to take them to heavily populated places during the day and get food.  Then, they return to their more secluded corners of the suburbs at night where they are less likely to be bothered by people.  Here is a story ABC did back in 2011, talking about this very thing.

Do you have any information on how to help these dogs?  Please share and comment below.

The 20 Most Urban Short Legends in the World

The urban legends Are popular beliefs that despite the implausibility they have between society and become true, spreading among the population by the supernatural of its fact.

These myths, spread by children and adults, can often seem so real that it is difficult to exterminate them despite evidence that they certify their invalidity. It is more rewarding to tell an interesting story than to investigate a hoax.

Many legends can be funny, while others cause real panic or terror, they do not get rid of it or multinationals like Coca Cola and are usually versioned in movies and books, becoming in many cases authentic bet-sellers.

Below we have the summary of 20 of the most famous urban legends in the world. Hopefully not chafarte any of the ones you gave for real and you have told thousands of times to your family and friends.

20 Examples of the most famous urban legends in history

1-humans only use 10% of their brain.

Very possibly you have seen in countless occasions the image of the great scientist Albert Einstein next to a quote that says"we only use the 10% of our brain".

"Get an influence on the people around you"or"learn psychic powers". Frequently used by"specialists"in self-help, its diffusion has been such over the years that its truthfulness is given by many people.

The reality is that, although the brain Can be trained to increase certain intellectual abilities, there are no parts that are unused.

If you are interested in this topic, do not hesitate to browse our article"How does the human brain?", In which you can understand in a more detailed and precise way the structures and functionalities of one of our most important organs.

2- The alternative subway of Moscow

They say that the Soviet leader Stalin had a second metro line built in Moscow. A parallel system to the conventional one that would serve for affairs of State. The administration of the Metro of Moscow has never denied or confirmed that this second line is real or a simple legend and it is believed that it was the KGB that directed it.

If we stick to the rumors circulating about this line of transport, the subway would connect the Kremlin with the security barracks, the Government Airport and other strategic sites in the capital of the present Russian Federation.

3-"Steve Urkel"died of an overdose of drugs

There are many artists and celebrities that have buried the rumors ahead of time. In fact, with social networks, it is increasingly common to find the #dep #DEP or #RIP next to the deceased's name.

Faced with all this vortex of false deaths, I would highlight that of the actor Jaleel White, famous for his performance in the series"Things of House"that so successful had on the small screen.

After finishing the series, the African-American actor disappeared totally and returned neither to interpret nor to do public acts. The result was a wave of rumors in which he came to believe that he died of a drug overdose.

Other celebrities who were killed before time were: Miguel Bosé (AIDS), Joaquín Sabina (drugs), Carolina Herrera (infarction), Luis Miguel (aesthetic surgery), Justin Timberlake and Britney Spears (car accident) or George Clooney (Air crash).

4- Very dead dead

There is also the opposite case. People who have died and yet are believed to be alive or who lived longer than history says.

It would highlight the case of two"zombies"that had a lot of impact in the last century: Elvis Presley and Adolf Hitler.

A priori, the king of rock died in 1977 after fighting against his own self-destruction based on drugs and alcohol. Possibly many of his fans did not assume this loss and found a halo of hope in believing the history that assured that Elvis had faked its own death and that really lived in Argentina.

In Argentina it is also said that Adolf Hitler lived pleasantly. Legend has it that managed to escape the famous bunker of Berlin where he spent his last hours next to Eva Braun.

To this end, according to journalist Abel Basti, the genocide fled on a flight from Austria to Spain and from there took the South American country. The truth is that history has not made clear what happened to the body of Hitler, although the most accepted version is that it was incinerated.

Other characters who are believed to have been"dead and out"are businessman and politician Jesus Gil, actor and martial arts expert Bruce Lee, pop singer Michael Jackson or Pedro Infante, Mexican star of the 1950s .

5- Walt Disney and his empire, a universe full of legends

Two are rumors that Disney has impregnated in his legend as a person. One that was not born in Chicago (United States), but was European immigrant, specifically of the town of Mojácar (Spain). It is speculated that once he stepped on the American continent, Disney was adopted by an American marriage and, for fear of possible attacks or suspicion, concealed the artist's Andalusian origin.

Several researchers and residents in the city of Almeria say that around the 40's, three representatives of Walt Disney Studios spent a few days in Mojacar with the intention of looking for the birth certificate of a certain José Guirao.

The other big rumor about the figure of Disney has to do with the place where they rest their remains. Deceased in December 1966 due to a Lung cancer , Runs the rumor that his body does not rest in Forest Lawn (California) cemetery, but was frozen from the cryogenization method in order to"wake him up"the day a cure is found to beat the cancer.

In turn, his films are not so little safe from curiosities and legends. Wink to sex in films like"The Little Mermaid"or"The Lion King"or apology to drugs in"Snow White"are some of the rumors that have always accompanied these animated films.

The only thing we can be sure of this icon of the twentieth century are its geniuses as compiled in the article"127 best phrases of Walt Disney".

6- Alligators in the sewers of New York

One of the most famous legends in history. According to the account, in the 30's, rich people who spent their vacations in Florida brought with them small alligators that they had adopted for their children. Although forbidden, these families ignored the laws to please the whims of their children.

The problem was that when these alligators grew, keeping them was impossible, so the solution they found was to throw them by the toilet. Although unlikely, the reptiles survived in the sewers of the city feeding on rats or trash that fell from the street.

The story goes that a sewer was attacked by some of the alligators before their surprise, and that the authorities chased after him until they hunt him down.

After this, many and very different have been the stories that have been derived from this history. The most curious may be the one who suggests that these alligators mutated because of the lugubrious conditions in which they lived.

7- The Loch Ness Monster

What could have been a simple story of fiction or mythology, happened to become a mystery when in the year 1934, the monster was photographed by a reputed surgeon.

Although there have been sightings of the monster since the sixth century, no one had been able to provide proof of its existence. The Daily Mail opened its cover with the image and for many decades was considered totally real.

It was not until 1994 that the truth came to light. It turns out that Marmaduke Wetherell, an investigator who asserted the existence of the monster, and the well-known surgeon had come to an agreement to mount this farce.

Apparently, the supposed monster was simply a toy submarine to which they put a sea serpent's head.

However, rumors continue to be raised today about the possible existence of Nessie, an emblem in the Scottish country.

8- Caesarean section owes its name to Julius Caesar

Cayo Julio Cesar, one of the most powerful and popular military in history has many legends about his figure as leader of Imperial Rome.

Being one of the key figures of Western Europe, it is usual to find archives where their military strategies or their ambition were praised. It is already known that whoever wins is the one who writes the story.

But not all the mountain is oregano. Apparently, there is a gossip that has nothing to do with his deified effigy, and it is believed that the Roman leader was believed to be the first person born by caesarean section. Hence its name.

Although the manuscripts leave nothing clear, in any case if someone survived this surgical operation would be some ancestor of his. The Caesars Were a Roman family strain that took its name from the verb"caedere", which comes to mean cut.

The first reference to an operation in this category dates back to the year 1500, when a butcher removed a child from his mother's womb while cutting. Mother and son survived.

9- The Jews did not go to work on 11-S

The attacks on the Twin Towers of New York in 2001 have been perhaps the most shocking event of the 21st century. So it is, that even though the years pass, rumors and especially conspiracy theories do not eat dinner, but quite the opposite.

It has been said of this event that Nostradamus predicted it, which can be glimpsed in the $ 20 bills or that the American government itself collaborated in the development of the attack.

Perhaps one of the biggest nonsense has been that there was a Jewish conspiracy aware of what was going to happen. In an article published days later, an Arab journalist warned that more than 4,000 Jews did not go to work at the World Trade Center on the day of the sinister facts since they were sick.

Although the journalist acknowledged his fallacy, the damage was already done and it is usual to find messages of hatred against the Jewish community for being considered traitors to the United States.

10- The"surprise surprise"that took Ricky Martin

"There are still people who continue talking about it as if it happened,"said Concha Velasco in an interview with the newspaper El País, trying to deny for the umpteenth time the story of Ricky Martin, the dog and the jam.

For those who do not know the thread of this case, it should be said that it is possible the most sound case of urban legend in Spain and that has passed the annals of television.

In February of 1999, Antena 3 emitted a program called Surprise, Surprise, that was to join an artist with one of its fans without the last one knew it. In the case that concerns us, Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin hid in a girl's closet to surprise her as soon as she entered the room.

To the surprise of those who claim to have seen that program, the girl entered her room with a jar of marmalade and anointed it on her genitals to later call her dog and that he licked her sex.

11- The end of Doraemon

Continuing with the legends that emerge in television, now we will tell the case of the series more famous anime in the screens of half world: Doraemon, the cosmic cat.

The concern of the people with respect to this series resides in a supposed final chapter in which the patoso and malcrado Nobita, companion of battles of Doraemon, awakens in the hall of a hospital next to a stuffed animal of similar characteristics to the cat. That is, everything was a dream of a sick child who was always accompanied by his stuffed animal.

This rumor provoked (supposedly) a wave of demonstrations of fans, fathers and mothers in the doors of the office responsible for the creation of the anime.

The only reality is that this series has no final chapter and possibly never has, since its original creators have already died and their successors have warned on some occasion that they do not see themselves with the power to make such an important decision.

12- The one thousand and one properties of Coca-Cola

This section would need a complete article to list all the legends that have come up about the world's best known brand of soda.

From its secret formula, which knows only a limited number of people to its destructive properties.

One of the first rumors was that Coca-Cola had poisonous components, as well as alcohol and cocaine. Curiously, what most concerned the people of the time were not these toxic substances, but caffeine, which feared their addiction. Nor is it lacking in reason.

Continuing with its harmfulness, a rumor traveled the world assuring that the cans were infected by the urine of rat, being also causes of deaths of athletes in Brazil. To this day you will see many people cleaning the can before consuming it, for fear that some rodent or similar decided to urinate or defecate gladly about the refreshment.

And the one who did not die from the alleged sanitary negligence, found plastic objects, human fingers, pieces of glass or insects inside the can or bottle.

But not everything was going to be negative. Many people claim to give it a positive use beyond that of refreshing the gnocchi. From cleaning toilets and toilets, removing stains from clothing along with detergent or keeping green pastures.

So, we can say that Coca-Cola has been in the mouth of half the world, literally and not.

13- The syringe in the seat of the cinema

When the AIDS disease was made public and many of the affected were artists and celebrities, a wave of fear and paranoia among the population soon followed, much like some later ones derived from bird flu or Ebola.

Although in this case the HIV virus has been a very worrying pandemic, which has not maintained the seriousness and respect for the affected have been some of the rumors that spread about it.

One of the best known was that syringes filled with blood had been found in movie theater seats affected by the virus. You should be careful because when you sit down, you will prick yourself and immediately contract the germ. To add more morbidity to the matter, next to the syringe they left a note that said"welcome to the world of AIDS".

14- Silicone breasts explode if you travel by plane

Breast surgery is another of those that are always in question, being quite the rumors that have circulated about this type of aesthetic operation.

One of the best known is that if you have silicone breast implants they will explode if you take a plane. The reason is that they do not withstand the pressure that exists at this point. At the time it was said that the multifaceted Spanish actress Ana Obregón"blew a tit"on the plane when what was really affected was a tympanum.

The truth is that breast implants (and especially the most modern) are very resistant and completely deny this legend.

According to the surgeons, many women come with certain misconceptions about the possibility of breast enlargement. The mouth-mouth is sometimes very dangerous and misrepresents the information. The questions that the specialists have to answer most frequently are: will not I be able to sleep on my stomach? I will not be able to have mammograms? I will not be able to breastfeed my baby? Will the chest fall over time?

15- Mario Balotelli, why always me?

The world of sports also includes thousands of anecdotes that you will never know if they were exaggerated or 100% fulfilled. One of the athletes who has gained a halo of uncertainty with all of the law is the Italian footballer Mario Balotelli.

"Super Mario"lives surrounded by the controversy and he has said that he threw darts at Manchester City youth when he was training, that the crane has taken up to 27 times his car for different reasons or that crashed his car against a jail in Italy because she was curious to see the inmates.

Perhaps one of the most sounded was that he spent an entire Christmas Eve making gifts disguised as Santa Claus. Many people claim to have recognized him and, although the footballer has never denied or confirmed, his own coach argued that"with Mario everything is possible.

16- Polybius, the macabre video game

In 1981, when the recreational ones began to fill of videojuegos next to the tables of billiards or foosball, appeared Polybius.

This arcade, according to the urban legend, created a strong addiction among its players, becoming very popular quickly and causing long queues in leisure venues.

The problem was that, according to many people who claim to have played, it caused nervous tic, dizziness, vomiting and in the worst cases epileptic attacks or auditory and optical hallucinations.

Besides, if you paid attention, there were almost imperceptible messages that incited suicide and apathy.

There is no testimony of the players of that time, feeding the legend with which the machine itself manipulated their minds or that were people of the American government who brainwashed them.

In any case, the video game existed and was soon retired. The rest are only suspicions that feed on the mystery itself.

17- The Oscar of Marisa Tomei

At the 1993 Academy Awards Ceremony, Jack Palance was the one to announce the winner as Best Supporting Actress.

It is said that the actor went up to the stage drunk and almost unable to articulate word. He took the note where the winner's name was collected but was unable to read it because of his drunken state. Jack said the first name that crossed his mind, giving it to Maria Tomei.

However, the legend tells that in that paper the name that appeared really was the one of Vanessa Redgrave. The Academy always denied that Jack Palance was wrong.

18- Travelers in the time

One of the favorite themes for mystery lovers and enigmas. There are many cases, as you can discover in this article Where through certain tests it is ensured that there are people who travel in time, either to the past or to the future.

Of course, most are hoaxes or simple jokes that became vandalized and resulted in many people believe in it. And as Göbbels said,"a lie told a thousand times becomes a truth."

19- The Roswell case

The most direct contact with extraterrestrials occurred in Roswell, New Mexico, in 1947. This is the version most supported by ufologists, experts in the study of the UFO phenomenon.

It all began when the owner of a ranch in Roswell discovers indefinable remains. When living near a military base, he gave part of it and soon they went to collect the pieces that had scattered by the ground.

The press echoed and the army had to issue a statement in which they claimed it was a simple balloon-probe. The case closed...

... until 1978, one of those involved in the recovery of the pieces explained to the press that they were possibly of extraterrestrial origin. This gives rise to thousands of stories about what really flew through Roswell that summer of 47 and what happened in the military camp.

Alien contact is one of the most recurring topics on the internet. In fact, recently the news has circulated that the Holy See and Hillary Clinton share information on possible extraterrestrial demonstrations.

20- Bonsai kittens

One of the bulos of the network with greater impact and repercussion of the last times. Apparently, there was a portal called bonsaikitten.com that gave the keys to bottle a cat and that this always kept a tiny size.

This is the same technique used for the creation of bonsai, something that shocked many people who gave as truth a joke created by a student of the prestigious MIT.

Such was the repercussion of the case, that the FBI itself took part in the matter to study the case.

This is only 20 of the thousands of bullies, myths, rumors and urban legends that we can find in any conversation or by the immense network. I'm sure many of you knew them, could you tell us some other that made you very impressed?

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Lec 7. Ch.3P3 Characteristics of urban travel

Nov 15, 2014

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Lec 7. Ch.3P3 Characteristics of urban travel. Ch. 3 Part 3 (3.3): Topics. Trip types (purposes) Three approaches for modeling trips Travel behaviors of men and women Trip purpose/temporal, spatial, and modal distribution of trips Safety (covered in CE361) Travel cost.

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Lec 7. Ch.3P3 Characteristics of urban travel Ch. 3 Part 3 (3.3): Topics • Trip types (purposes) • Three approaches for modeling trips • Travel behaviors of men and women • Trip purpose/temporal, spatial, and modal distribution of trips • Safety (covered in CE361) • Travel cost

Typical trip types (used for demand forecasting) • Passenger trips are named by the trip purpose, classified by the trip origin: Work trips, Shopping trips, Social/recreation trips, Business trips, School trips – they are home-based or non-home based. Home-based trip HBO HBW Trips are defined as one-way movements. NHB Typical simple classes are: home-based work, home-based other, non-home-based • HBO is sometimes called HBNW (non work).

Approaches for modeling trips Most popular modeling approach (UTMS) & we cover this one in this introductory TP planning course.

Different travel behavior for men and women • Women’s (especially working women’s) trip making is more complex than men’s. • Women make more “chain trips” than men in general. • Trip chaining, or multipurpose trip making is difficult to model; there is so much uncertainty. UTMS does not include this type of trip making.

Trip purpose/Temporal/spatial/modal distributions  Factors that need to be incorporated in demand forecasting For what purpose, at what time of the day, from where to where, by what mode is a trip made? And with whom, alone or with someone else?  This is an important question from a TP perspective. Peak Hr Volume? Which links are heavily used? Private auto, public transit, rail, walk, bike?  Modal demand levels

Travel costs • Out-of-pocket costs to the user: costs associated with travel – fuel costs, parking fees, tolls, fares  This is what most of the drivers think of the cost for driving a car. • “Fixed costs” to the user: vehicle purchase, maintenance, and insurance costs  Many drivers do not consider these costs when they compare costs between driving a car and taking transit • “Social costs” to all: Include the cost of transportation services and goods that are not priced directly to the user but are incorporated into the price of the non-transportation good; public sector costs to build, maintain, and operate the transportation system; and the non-monetary costs to society of transportation-related impacts such as health effects of air and water pollution (externalities), pain and suffering from accidents, and travel time.

Travel costs: Another way of looking at them - Direct and indirect costs • Direct costs: out-of-pocket costs, the cost of cars, insurance, building and maintaining roads, paying police officers, operating transit service, TP, etc. • Indirect costs: costs that occur as a result of transportation – congestion, accidents, air pollution, noise, solid-waste disposal, etc.

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The Urban Caravan

A family of 4's adventures in a self build Sprinter

Moscow 2015

Every now and again I am sent to do some IT work in one of our rep offices, i’ve been to Milan, Paris, Dubai, Cairo and the slightly less glamorous Aberdeen.

My favourite and by far the most interesting to me is Moscow, they fly me here, i’m not expected to drive the van!

Last time I came here it was -35, cold even for an Englishman, it was the start of the Socchi olympics and the normally unimpressed looking Russians were smiling, i think they are unimpressed at this time of year because it’s bloody cold, even so, it’s a magical time to visit, most lakes freeze over and become ice rinks, the river which is easily as wide as the river thames also freezes over but I never saw anybody skating on it, there is snow everywhere and the parks are lit up with fairy lights, it’s like christmas everyday!

Because it was so cold last time around the only tourist thing I did was take a trip on the metro to photograph some of the ornate stations, it’s warm down there! I also took a wander round Red Square as it was within walking distance to where I was staying, you can find those pictures on my flickr site here .

This time I arrived when the temperature was quite literally at the opposite end of the scale, it was +35 when I landed, nice. As it’s a business trip I am usually picked up by the driver from the office but due to some bad communication he wasn’t coming to get me, I would have to get a taxi, I was concerned I would get ripped off but was assured if I picked up a taxi from inside the terminal I would be fine, I did exactly that and still got ripped off to the point where the hotel told me not to pay, called the police, hid me in a room and told me not to come out till it was all over, that put a stop to any first night excursions although it meant my taxi ride was free. Turns out the taxi driver wasn’t licensed and made up the fares as he went along, they were also all in Russian so his argument that I had agreed the fare was flawed as I don’t speak or read Russian and he didn’t speak English.

The following day was a day in the office, a late finish, dinner and bed, not very exciting, however, the method in my madness was to get as much done as I could on one night so I could head out a bit early the following day and explore.

Next day the sun was shining, I didn’t want to do anything indoors,I wanted to make the most of some good weather, I braved the metro (it’s easy to get lost as there is nothing in English and Cyrillic makes no sense to me) and headed off to Gorky Park.

Over the road from Gorky park is another park called (by westeners) Fallen Monument Park . When the soviet union collapased, many of the old statues that represented the union were removed and some have made their way to the park.

Each statue or monument has a little info board telling you what it is, some are quite obvious if you know your history.

The monuments evoke a very cold war / iron curtain feel, I think they are awesome!

From there I wandered to the river to take a picture of a quite massive monument!

This is Peter The Great, a 98 metre high monument erected in 1997 to commemorate 300 years of the Russian navy which he founded, it’s an impressive thing, you can read more about it here

You can walk along the waterfront, under the bridge and make your way into Gorky park, the route is fairly busy with couples strolling hand in hand, cyclists belting along or towing people on skateboards,lots of rollerbladers, you can hire a bike if you want or just amble along on foot like me.

Gorky park is an incredible space, within the park there is so much going on, yoga classes with at least twenty or so people stretching in unison, table tennis, beach volleyball on sand, Russian dancing, kids running through fountains.

There are restaurants and cafe’s dotted about the place, a boating lake with pedalos, massive bean bags to relax on, group running, I could go on, the most striking thing to me was the sound, a mixture of music and laughter which is a lovely thing to hear.

There are at least 3 different fountains, one that does a show to classical music, all around there are brightly coloured flowers symmetrically arranged, if i’m honest I was pretty blown away, the only thing it didn’t have was Lolly, she was back at home and I know she would have loved walking round the parks.

I took loads of pictures which as I write I still have to edit, I think I spent about 4 hours wandering round both parks and only decided to go home as the sun was going down, maybe I should have stayed and got some night shots, in fact I wish I had.

I hope I get to come here again and if I do, I will come in Summer again, Moscow is a great place to visit, one for the bucket list…

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